Salem Possessed By Paul Boyer And Stephen Nissenbaum

The Salem Witch trials were more than just accusations and women being sentenced to death. Politics, social status, and way of living back then all played essential roles in the trials which are discussed throughout the book â€Å"Salem Possessed† by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum. The authors touch upon how social status of church members, farmers and community folk impacted who was accused of witchcraft and who was sentenced to death. While times have changed and the laws regarding imprisonment are very different, it is essential to remember that while the techniques and methods used during the witch trials were common back then and just their way of life. Salem Village was facing a wide variety of governmental and economical problems,†¦show more content†¦The authors discredit the claim that the witch trials were merely an excuse to eliminate the poor. In fact, the witch accusations, while they did begin with less wealthy members of the community, made their way to the top of the social ladder effecting members of the church and government. The majority of accusations were of women and girls, but once a female member of a family was accused it was common for other members of that family to be accused too regardless of their sex. Looking at the patters of the accusations, it becomes clear to the reader that all social classes were involved. From the early stages of accusations, the â€Å"fist three women accused could be seen as â€Å"deviants† or â€Å"outcasts† in their community† (31) which later spread to ministers, people of all ages, and both genders. Ministers however took a different approach to the accusations. Instead of being afraid of being put on trial, they viewed their accusation as a sign from God to help heal others. â€Å"By encouraging and even exploiting the usual behavior of the young people in their communities, both ministers had managed to turn a potentially damaging situation to their own benef it† (29). Although exploiting many people. the ministers were the only group who tried to see a light in the witch trials situation. Many members of the community lived in fear of beingShow MoreRelatedAmerican History to 18871148 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaums Salem Possessed explores the pre-existing social and economic divisions within the Salem Village community, as an entry point to understand the accusations of witchcraft in 1692. According to Boyer and Nissenbaum, the village split into two factions: one interested in gaining more autonomy for Salem Village and led by the Putnam family, and the other, interested in the mercantile and political life of Salem Town and led by the Porter family. Boyer and NissenbaumsRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 PagesSalem Witchcraft Witchcraft accusations and trials in 1692 rocked the colony of Salem Massachusetts. There are some different views that are offered concerning why neighbors decided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did what they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place andRead More Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft Essay465 Words   |  2 Pages Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press copyright 1974. The purpose of this book was to examine the history and social life of Salem Village to try to figure out what was the cause of the events that occurred there. I believe that the authors achieved their objective at least they did to me. Boyer and Nissenbaums explanation for the outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Salem hinges on an understanding of theRead More Comparing Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen1819 Words   |  8 PagesComparing Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 spread just about as fast as the Black Plague. This epidemic caused chaos among neighbors in a community. The chronology of events describes an awful time for colonists from June 10th to September 22nd of that year. The books Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, The StoryRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the majority of humans are skeptical, if not reluctant to understand or accept that which unknown or different from what they previously considered being true, right, or normal. Such was the case in 1692 when over a hundred people from the Salem Town, Salem Village, and surrounding areas of Massachusetts were accused of witchcraft, leading to numerous arrests and even executions. The events that transpired in the small New England colony have intrigued, seduced, and baffled historians since theirRead MoreEssay about Witchcraft in Salem1406 Words   |  6 PagesWitchcraft in Salem In the past, the word Salem has always been somewhat synonymous with the infamous witch trials. Thanks to works such as Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, many people find it hard not to envision a community torn apart by chaos, even though Miller’s play was not so much about the witch trials but instead a commentary on the rampant McCarthyism going on at the time he wrote it. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, however, see a very different picture when the Salem witch trialsRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pages1692 to 1693, twenty people were executed after being accused of witchcraft in Salem Village, Massachusetts, many more died in jail, and around 200 people total were accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials. Records from the event indicate that the Salem Witch Trials started when a group of young girls began acting strange, claiming they had been possessed by the Devil and bewitched by local villag ers. 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Boyer and Nissenbaum try to discover why Salem had so many witch craft accusations as well as why it happened when it did. InRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Day By Day Chronicle Of A Community Under Siege Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesT he book I have chosen to write about is â€Å"The Salem Witch Trials: A Day by Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege† written by Marilynne K. Roach and published in 2002. Marilynne K. Roach is the president of the Historical Society of Watertown and a member of the Watertown Historical Commission board, she also is an active board member and a curator of the Salem Witch Museum. She has multiple books that have been published about the Salem and the trials that occurred in the late 17th and early 18th

Organizational Behavior Corporate Culture - 1048 Words

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Major Liquidiation Analysis for HIH Insurance and ABC Learning

Question: Discuss about theMajor Liquidiation Analysis for HIH Insurance and ABC Learning. Answer: Introduction The companies are required to operate in the best manner by effectively utilizing the assets of the company and by efficiently operating the functions of the company. The basic premise of the running the company is to earn profits on the one hand and cater to the needs of the various stakeholders including the shareholders of the company on the other hand. The company may work for two or three years more and can revive itself when first premise is not met but it cannot function properly when the second premise is not met in any manner. There has been the cases in which the second premise has not been fulfilled and thus leading the companies to go into the liquidation of the companies. These are HIH Insurance, ABC Learning and the One Tel Phone Company. Each of the company has its own listings of irregularities on the basis of which the companies have faced the worst liquidation. Along with the two basic premises, the companies shall have the effective corporate governance in place so as to ensure that in case any rectification action is required then the companys management will take that into consideration and will also take the steps to reduce any kind of risks if any come into the notice of the management of the company. The report has then ended up with the conclusion and the recommendation. Reasons For Liquidation HIH Insurance Four events have been identified which has led to the liquidation of the companies. The company has entered into the area which is connected with the high degree of risk. At first the event is associated with the acquisition of the big insurance company of that time which is Fire and All Risk Insurance (FARI). The company has incurred the huge liabilities because of this acquisition in spite of the fact that then partner Winterthur has resigned only because he has projected the downfall of the company with this acquisition. Then secondly the company has stepped its shoes into the business of financing the films which again has made the company to suffer the losses of approximately 100 million dollar. The both events are the beginning of the liquidation. (OBrien,2008). The third event is the entrance into the major risky areas which has distorted the whole picture of the financial status of the company and in actual the company has suffered a major loss. The area is the insurance against any natural disasters and after that the typhoon at Florida has occurred. The last event that the company has faced is the amendment in the regulations of the government. The company has been forced to pay the higher compensation claims to the workers at California. Next event is that gradually the company has entered into the insurance from the damage caused by natural disasters and the company has suffered the major loss from the Typhoon of Florida. (Mak, Deo and Cooper, 2005 and Mirshekary, Yaftian, and Cross, 2005). One Tel Company The major event that has led the company into liquidation is the company has not adopted the matching concept as per the accounting principles. The company shall match its revenue and expense and account for in the same period. But in the given case the company is reporting the revenue for the concerned period but has been booking the expenses in the near future years. Due to this the financial health of the company in actual has been distorted and in future has been forced to report the losses in big figures. The second event is that the company is in the move of paying the higher remuneration irrespective of the fact that the company has been incurring losses. The third event is that the company in order to become bigger and known in the market has been selling the services on the credit of six months due to which the income has been blocked whereas the company is required to pay its suppliers immediately (Reza, 2011). The next and the last cause is the unqualified audit report issued by the auditors of the company. ABC Learning In this case, the major cause for the liquidation of the company is the financial irregularities. The financial irregularity is the accounting practice that the company has followed for the licenses and the intangible assets. The company has been in the urge of revaluing the intangibles assets of the company due to which out of the total assets of the company 70% of the assets counts for the intangibles that has been created with the revaluation. The company has been making the wrong forecasts of future incomes and rather in actual the company has declared the decrease in the profits to forty three percent approximately. The other event is the low quality of service being provided to the children kept at their learning centre and the same have been notified by the New South Wales Child Care. Presence Of Ethical Climate HIH Insurance The ethical atmosphere shall be present in almost all the companies. In the given case two defaults have been noticed and observed in ethics. These are related to the business and statutory compliance (Cheng and Seeger, 2012). The former entails with the entrance of the companies in the major business risky areas which has led to the huge losses ran over the span of two years. The latter entails the event when the company has entered into the acquisition of the Fire and All Risk Insurance Company and that too without the prior approval of the board of directors and without conducting the technical and feasibility of the companys functions. (Lipton, 2013; UK Essays, 2013). One Tel Company One of the major ethical issues is the wrong practice of accounting rule and procedures in the sense that the company is not following the matching concept of the accounting principles. The company has followed the method where the higher revenue is reported in the current years and lesser in the future years (Brown and Caylor, 2009). Secondly the company has not been preparing the sale bills in accordance with the Goods and service tax act 2000 and has been remained unprepared for so many weeks and months. Thirdly the auditor has not mentioned any note or clarification in its auditors report (Avison, 2012). ABC Learning One of the basic ethical issues is that the company has revalued the intangibles to the higher values by wrongly estimating the future cash flows of the company. Due to revaluation the major portion in the total assets is the intangible assets. The other issue is that the company has not been made able to deliver the high quality services to children at their centre and rather has kept focus on the business expansion only. The best case noticed is that in the year of two thousand and five, one child have gone out of the centre at its own and none of the security guard has done something. Presence Of Corporate Governance Low corporate governance practices have been observed in the cases of all three companies and have been regarded as one of the major cause of the liquidation of the companies. HIH Insurance The chief executive officer of the company has played the dominant role by keeping the board of directors of the company filled with the relatives and the friends of the company. By having the board of its own in actual terms, he has engaged the company in transferring of funds to the company in which he has stake. Second instance is of the major acquisition of the company made without the prior approval of the board of directors (Jiangbo, 2003). One Tel Company The company has adopted the bad pricing strategy in relation to the products of the company and also has adopted the wrong accounting method. The strategy details that the goods are sold on credit for seven months. Wrong accounting method has made the company as highly liquid and profitable in current year and lower in future years (Morey, Gottesman, Baker and Godridge, 2009). ABC Learning The company has not formed any committee as defined in the listing rules of the Australian Stock Exchange. Secondly the auditor has not issued the qualified audit report. Liabilities And Its Link With Financial Stress Liabilities are the amount which the company is required to pay in due time and if not possible then in the event of liquidation of the company. These liabilities as outstanding in the financial statements of the company are the obligations for the company and which if not cleared in due time will become the financial stress for the companies. Covering all the three companies, there has been the huge liability due to which the company has gone into liquidation. The liabilities have been occurred due to the improper operation of the finance function, improper conduct of the auditing as the auditors have issued the clean audit report in all the three cases, improper execution and development of strategy. Thus, in this way the liabilities have the important role in bringing the liquidation of companies. Recommendation On the basis of the whole analysis, it is highly recommendable for every company to consider the collapses made as the lessons for future and shall take into account all the considerations and procedures that have come out of the report. Conclusion The three liquidations that have occurred have led the recession in the market across the globe and also hampered the working and operations of the companies either operating in the same industry or operating in the same country. The major liquidations that have been analyzed are the HIH Insurance, One Tel Phone Company and ABC Learning. The reasons for all the collapses are different but the basic premise of having the manipulated practices involved is the same. Each company has entered into the financial irregularities by making wrong entries in the books of accounts without considering the nature of the business of the company. In order to close the report, it is concluded that the collapses have been majorly done because of the financial irregularities and the improper attention of the management on the situations and the circumstances which has led to the collapses. References Avison, D. (2012): IT Failure and the Collapse of One.Tel in Traunmuller, R. (ed.): Information Systems: The e-Business Challenge, Kluwer, pp 31-46. Brown, L. and Caylor, M., 2009, Corporate Governance and Firm Operating Performance, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 32, 2: 133-144. Cheng S and Seeger M, (2012), Lessons Learned from Organizational Crisis; Business Ethics and Corporate Communication, International Journal of Business Management, Vol. 7, No. 12, 74-86 Jiangbo X, (2003), HIH Insurance Limited: Corporate Governance and Corporate Excesses, available at https://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload /product/201010/2010jjfzh05a8.pdf accessed on 08/10/2017. Lipton P, (2013), The Demise of HIH : Corporate Governance Lessons, EY Journal, 27th, 273-277. Mak, T., Deo, H. and Cooper, K. 2005, Australias Major Corporate Collapse: Health International Holdings (HIH) Insurance May the Force Be with You, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6, 2: 101-110. Mirshekary, S., Yaftian, A. and Cross, D. (2005), Australian Corporate Collapse: The Case of HIH Insurance, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 9, 3: 249-58. Morey, M., Gottesman, A., Baker, E., Godridge, B., 2009, Does Better Corporate Governance Result in Higher Valuations in Emerging Markets? Another Examination Using a New Data Set, Journal of Banking and Finance, 33, 2: 254-71. OBrien, N. (2008), Williams walks free today but HIH victims continue to pay the penalty The Australian, p. 5. Reza M, (2011), The One Tel Collapse: Lessons for Corporate Governance, Journal of Australian Accounting Review, pp 1-28 UK Essays. (2013), Collapse Of HIH Insurance available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/collapse-of-hih-insurance.php?cref=1 Accessed 08/10/2017.