All Things Not Being Equal - 827 Words

All Things Not Being Equal An ongoing debate continues in the academic and scientific world of psychology in regards to the measurement of hypotheses, theories, and phenomenon. For the researcher, the argument is worrisome as well as tedious in nature. Most have the desire for the greatest statisticians to arrive at a consensus or standard, and allow the remainder to return to research business as usual. Very few if any researchers enjoy, comprehend, or desire to be knee deep in what a p value really means, other than the significance of the effect is less than .05. A statistically significant result allows for a positive hypothesis and a possible publication. However, an honest interpretation of statistical data would be more apt to produce a flawed literary publication that could be less than accurate. For this reason, psychology implores replication as the gold standard for research results. Reliability and validity are the foundational aspects of psychological science; without replication, there is little evidence to support the construct tested. Statistically speaking, results from research must be available and â€Å"empirically evaluated to determine their merit† (Thomas Hersen, 2011, p. 9). Thus, when new measures of statistical inference are used, the same evaluative process is applied. An example opined from Iverson, Wagenmakers, and Lee (2010) offer a paradoxical example applied to a new statistic that could not stand up to the scientific muster of replication.Show MoreRelated All Things Being Equal Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesAll Things Being Equal Most of us have heard Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream speech, or part of it, at some point in our lives. In 1964, one year after the speech was given, Lyndon B. Johnson signed Executive Order 11246, which signaled the birth of affirmative action. Affirmative action refers to efforts to increase educational and employment opportunities for minorities and women. In November, 1997, California voters did away with affirmative action [at the state level] by passing propositionRead MoreAnalysis Of Animal Farm, By George Orwell1235 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Soviet Union. Animal farm includes use of propaganda as well. A quote for example would be â€Å"some animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† I think that this book fits that quote very well as the author makes Napoleon along with Snowball are the leaders of the rebellion against Jones. A few questions that come to mind are, how does one define one animal being more equal than others? Why is a certain animal favored over the others? Why are there two leaders of the same animal andRead MoreEquality In Harrison Bergeron, The Scarlet Ibis, And Brownies884 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause everyone would have to have an equal intelligence. Doesn’t that sound weird an equal intelligence, equal strength, and much more that would make things so much different. That doesn’t sound good to me I don’t think everyone should be treated equally. Harrison Bergeron, The Scarlet Ibis, and Brownies all share this in common they want people to be equal and when they try to treat people as equal they sometimes don’t take into concentration some things about them or if they have different waysRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Essay546 Words   |  3 PagesMarx is living in a world he is not happy with, and seems to think that he has the perfect solution. I am a strong believer in his ideas. We are living in a time period with a huge class struggle. The Bourgroise exploits and the proletariat are being exploited. Marx did not like the way this society was and searched for a solution. Marx looked for â€Å"universal laws of human behavior that would explain and predict the future course of events (36). He saw an unavoidable growth and change in societyRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech By Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.926 Words   |  4 Pagesof men. In his speech he quoted words directly from the Declaration of Independence stating, â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† (King, Jr). Even though the United States was founded two whole centuries before the MLK’s speech, there was still an issue about the equality of some. The Declaration of Independence was our break up letter with Great Britain, and createdRead MoreGender Equality And The Equal Rights1314 Words   |  6 Pagesrefers to the equal rights and opportunities presented to both genders: Men and Women. I chose this topic because I believe it is a topic that is in need of improvement in most cases including that of society and the church.They both have standard views that women and men have different parts to play in society and different roles that are associated with them; thus I want to show how such views can be both right and very wrong; the world that most people hope for is a country that has equal balance ofRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Knowledge1130 Words   |  5 Pageshas an opposite, and there is a special process that exists that transforms it from one state to another (Phaedo 71a-d). He then carries on this conversation of opposites to the body. First, Socrates asks Cebes, â€Å"Then, Cebes, living creatures and things come to be from the dead†¦ Then our souls exist in the underworld† (71d). Later on, Socrates continues this thinking by saying, â€Å"It is agreed between us then that the living come from the dead in this way no less than the dead from the living, andRead MoreMen and Women Treated Equally635 Words   |  3 PagesI am going to be discussing equality amongst men and women. I am going to explain many different reasons why women should be treated equal to men. I am also going to get you a reason why some would think that women aren’t equals to men. While there are some things men to better because they are naturally stronger than women, I do think that women and men are equal because women are just as strong as men mentally and spiritually and that is very important. Women have proven over the years that asRead MoreAfrican American Movements in the 20th Century1107 Words   |  4 Pagesthe viewpoints in America and how society would be. As a whole it changed society an d the rights now given to all people regardless of skin color. It was a breakthrough and a relief given to people of color, their main goal was equality for all. The Modern Civil Rights Movement was all about equality. African American just wanted their own â€Å"piece of the pie† in society. To be given equal rights and opportunity. They were nonviolent, usually focused on Judea-Christian tradition. They focused on moralityRead MoreThe Metaphysical Point Behind The Opening Question975 Words   |  4 Pagesopening question is to show that there is another thing that exists called the Equal. The best evidence to this is found in the line, â€Å"I do not mean a stick equal to a stick or a stone to a stone, or anything of that kind, but something else beyond all these, the Equal itself,† (74a5-74a8). Plato makes it clear he is not talking about a stick being equal to a stick. Rather, if two objects are equal, than the â€Å"Equal† must exist and be a thing. The Eq ual is the equivalent to the Universal because the

Traffic Lights Advantages And Disadvantages - 1616 Words

Imagine the following scenario decades from now: Several people driving simultaneously straight through a 4-way intersection with no traffic lights. Sounds pretty unrealistic, right? A place where there is a smooth flow of traffic at an intersection as vehicles enter and leave without tons of traffic during busy hours of the day. Traffic lights are meant to control the flow of traffic and decrease the chance of accidents between vehicles and pedestrians on the road. They are most useful at four-way intersections. When the light is green, people go or keep going, and when the light is red and yellow, people slow down and/or stop at intersections. The simple system that has been around since the late 1800s, and still going strong†¦show more content†¦Traffic lights can cause an increase in the scenario of â€Å"rear-end collisions, excessive delays, unnecessary travel on alternate routes, and congestion† (VDOT, n.d., para. 16). Is it not the point of adding the traffic light system suppose to prevent accidents from happening and improve the flow of traffic? Traffic lights do reduce the number of accidents that happen on the road every day; however, they aren’t always necessary for every intersection vehicles come to. How many times has a person come to an intersection with traffic lights and wonder why on Earth would this road ever need a traffic light? It is a traffic light where a simple stop or yield sign should be. The VDOT believes that a traffic light â€Å"in the wrong location, a traffic signal can contribute to crashes and congestion. The potential for a crash exists every time a vehicle is stopped on the highway† (2005, para. ). The data analysis of what happens at an intersection must be taken into careful consideration before thinking about implementing traffic lights. The solution is already happening in certain places of the world. It is not as complicated as telling people to be more aware of their surroundings on the road(as if already) and adding several new laws and/or regulations about driving on the road. No, that would just create chaos and confusion among the millions of drivers across the globe. The solution isShow MoreRelatedTraffic Lights Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesTraffic lights are signaling devices located at road intersections and pedestrian crossings, they are now part of our everyday life. Before traffic lights were invented, policeman would control traffic, but accidents would still occur frequently. This is when J.P Knight took action in 1868 and made the first traffic light. It was installed outside the British Houses Of Parliament but didn’t last long since it exploded in 1869 due to a gas leak. It was only in 1912 that a man named Lester Wire createdRead MoreDriverless Cars: Is It Safe to Take the Human Out of the Loop?1116 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Motors predict they could have a fully autonomous car on the road as soon as 2018[1]. There are many advantages to autonomous cars such as fewer traffic collisions, reduced congestion, relieves the occupants of navigation duties so they are free to do other things, and autonomous cars can be used by a nyone even if they have a disability such as blindness. There are also some disadvantages to autonomous cars such as the risk of malware and hackers modifying the cars system, where the blame liesRead MoreLocal Area Network ( Wan )1547 Words   |  7 Pagesuniversities and schools so that each of the branches can identify the relevant systems in their own network. Advantages A Tree Topology is supported by many network vendors and even hardware vendors. A point to point connection is possible with Tree Networks. All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate networks. Best topology for branched out networks. Disadvantages The Tree Topology network is reliant on the trunk which is the main backbone of the network. If that has to failRead MoreEssay On Radar Sensor1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe collective intelligence of the vehicles, for instance reporting closed lanes or defective traffic lights – therefore it also is a type of sensors, providing the vehicles with an image of its surrounding.† (Gilbertsen, 2) Their role in autonomous vehicles is they collect cloud data which allows vehicles to better anticipate what’s ahead. For instance, the vehicle can adjust to an upcoming traffic jam early on, actively reducing consumption and increasing safety. Their use is very vital inRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Network926 Words   |  4 Pagesable to access the information or resource in any website. It is very comfortable. Here are some advantages and disadvantages in network. ï  µ Advantages and disadvantages of networks Advantages †¢ Save your time and money. †¢ You don’t need big storage drive for saving data. †¢ Every authorized user can easily access data. †¢ Data is easy to backup as all the data is stored on the file server. Disadvantages †¢ Data managing in network could require person who had many experience and higher education. †¢Read MoreSwitching Technology For A Network1583 Words   |  7 Pagesseen as an instant fix for network issues. There are many benefits to using network switching in a network. A switch can break one large network into smaller networks so that the distance limitations are restarted. By creating the smaller networks traffic is isolated, reducing collisions. It can also help relieve network congestion. While they have their benefit, it is important to be careful when implementing switches. Switches can add a small latency delay to packet processing, so adding unnecessaryRead MoreQuestionnaire On Coffee Preferences On Jackson Street Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmight see your topic in a very positive light, whereas some may be against it. Application to the case study A street questionnaire about coffee preferences on Jackson Street might yield useful data, particularly if participants are rewarded with a chocolate fish. After having surveyed the amount of foot traffic in Jackson Street during normal business hours, this method might then help to answer our second objective â€Å"2. To find out if the quantity of foot traffic will translate into a profitable incomeRead MoreFiber Optic Communication975 Words   |  4 Pages History †¢ Beginnings of Fibre optics and Fibre optic communication †¢ Development of fibre optic communication through the years Present †¢ Current state of fibre optic communication †¢ Current uses of fibre optic communication †¢ Advantages and disadvantage using fibre optic communications †¢ Comparisons with other forms of communication (copper wiring) Future †¢ Future uses and technology updates and development of Fibre Optic communication †¢ State of fibre optic communication in the future Read MoreThe Human Experience With Technology Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Human Experience With Technology The world is full technology, almost everything you see is the result of technology. Our houses, cars, buildings, streets, lights, even simple things like spoons, pencils, and nail clippers are all examples of technology. We use it everyday without even think about how it affects us. We don?t think about how much a part of our society it has become, or what life would be like without it. We don?t question our technology once we become accustomed to it butRead MoreWho Is More Happy People Living in the City or People Living in the Jungle899 Words   |  4 Pagesimproves well-being .Living in the city and in the jungle have its advantages and disadvantages. Most people live in the city ,life in the city is more comfortable there is always plenty to do ,to see or visit ,it can offer the best entertainment ;theatre , cinemas, concerts ,museums and shops. Cities offer better education that is apparently important? It is also sometimes easier to find interesting and well-paid job. Disadvantages of living in the city; population is constantly increasing, noises

Corruption in the Teamsters Union Free Essays

In 1902 a group of horse and buggy drivers created the Teamsters Union, in that the Teamsters were employed to transport goods. This occupation has played an important part in the economic development of the United States. Although they worked under difficult circumstances at the turn of the twentieth century they began to unionize on an extensive scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in the Teamsters Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was no established national organization until 1912 that the teamsters were secure. Back in those days certain crafts and professions were considered as public-interest endeavors, which were licensed and regulated by the town authorities. Included in the teamsters which started with cart-men were; doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. With the public being so reliant on these crafts they showed a monopoly and the members would join in strikes, to change supply and demand so they could increase prices for their products. In addition, the strikes served the purpose in securing higher wages and fees for services, and to keep outsiders from operating in the same craft. The strikes came about as early as the seventeenth century, although there weren’t any conflicts between labor and management. Instead, the strikes represented demonstrations against local laws and directives and were aimed in influencing the actions of town councils. There were numerous grievances due to the charges and rates established by localities for teamsters and in the seventeenth century cart-men did not work for earnings but owned the horses and wagons. Back in 1677 New York held the first tribunal for a strike in which, â€Å"Twelve truckmen were dismissed by the common council for not carrying out the duties prescribed for them by the city. The prosecution charged that the men were in contempt; it did not base its case upon conspiracy. Conditions prevailing in New York City were typical of those under which cart-men labored prior to 1850. † (Witwer) The New York teamsters were categorized as an individual labor group and each of them had to be licensed by the mayor. This allowed the city to have control over the cost of transporting or delivering goods through its streets and as business endeavors in the metropolitan area increased, a variety of regulations were passed. This included specifications on cart sizes, speed zones, and preventive measures to deter noise and accidents. After the Revolutionary War, the New York City council maintained stringent control over the work of cart-men doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. During this time cart-men made request to the council that would limit who could enter into their craft in 1785, which kept transient residents in the city during the summer out of their businesses. It wasn’t until 1790, which licenses as teamsters were sought after by the old, frail, and unskilled workers. According to Brill, â€Å"In 1792, the Cart-men’s Society was founded for the relief of distressed members. In 1797, as a result of flagrant abuses by teamsters in New York City operating without a license and charging extortionate fees–all licenses were revoked. The cart-men were reorganized in groups of forty-nine, each headed by a foreman. In 1800, there were twenty such companies. Stiff penalties were imposed for violations of ordinances. † The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) labor union has been more embroiled in jurisdictional cases and doppelganger unionism. When it was initially established, this union has been engaged in incessant critical disputes over jurisdiction. These disputes often affect many international unions, some associated either with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) or the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and those with no affiliation to either federation. The struggle of major concern was the inquiry of the proper union for a particular group of men, yet it entailed power over a precise job region. Many occurrences were an actual contest for power over a specific region and the complexity concerning jurisdiction that the teamsters have come upon has occurred due to the union making steady attempt s to expand. The incentives for such exploits were very diverse to include workers with functions closely related to others already performed by members of the union. In addition, the collaboration is essential for the triumphant exertion of economic strong hold among employers. Workers have also been organized to prevent their assimilation by a rival unions, with regions being expanded locally, helps to boost the power of local leaders and nationally expand Commercial and industrial enterprises. Daniel J. Tobin was the president of the Teamsters Union from 1907 TO 1952, which he grew and was not in control of the fiscal policies pursued by locals in the union. Tobin exerted a forceful authority over decisions which affected the relationship of the IBT with the other associations of the labor movement and he served as representative for a significant sector of the labor force. The power of Tobin was not challenged until 1930 when Dave Beck become known, with this Tobin’s rise to power was plodding. Tobin was born in Ireland in 1875 and in 1889 he journeyed alone to the United States. Tobin eventually became a driver-salesman, which lead him into the joining the local Team Drivers International (TDL) Union in Boston, Massachusetts. From there he became a member of Boston Local 25 and was chosen a representative to the Niagara Falls convention of 1903; it was at that convention that IBT was organized. According to Witwer, Tobin said: â€Å"When I returned I was discharged for being an agitator and found it difficult to find employment. I did find employment at $12 a week, working 12 hours a day. † Tobin ran for business representative for his local union in 1903 and after suffering from defeat (his only defeat while as a candidate for office within the labor movement). He proceeded to hold various offices within the Boston chapter when in August 1907, Daniel J. Tobin, became president of the Teamsters and Chauffeurs District Joint Council 10 of Boston. Serving as his campaign manage and a business agent in Local 25 John M. Gillespie, nominated Tobin for presidency of IBT, where as upon winning Tobin appointed Gillespie as the International Organizer for the New England division. This lifetime friendship led Gillespie to Indianapolis by Tobin in 1925 to take on the duties of assistant to the president. Subsequently, when Thomas L. Hughes died in 1941, Gillespie was appointed secretary-treasurer of the IBT and he was considered Tobin’s most trusted associate in the union until his death in 1946. As has been indicated, upon obtaining the presidency, Tobin faced numerous serious problems and disparities. His own executive board created more problems by the division amongst the members. Four vice presidents joined into a rival force and voted together on most issues, which the other three vice presidents and secretary of treasurer were unable to match or break. Tobin had to break the four to four tie in many cases by casting the decisive ballot. The Teamsters Union in New York brought Tobin up on charges in 1908, claiming that he had been elected illegally in that years convention. The joint council contended that Local 25 was not in good standing with the IBT so, Tobin was ineligible for office. With such unruly and undermining schemes including acts of cultivating and persuading withdrawal from Local 25 by Tobin’s opposition on the board with some of the members while serving as officers of the IBT at the same time organizing independent teamster unions. At the 1910 convention, Tobin accomplished extricating the remainder of opposition and for the next thirty years he was tterly unobstructed and uncontested in managing the affairs of the International Office. The union in the first ten years had its highest level of conflict within the organization, while in quite a few cases; officers of the IBT had acquired court sanctions restraining barred and obstinate locals with numerous techniques. Tobin’s triumph with assembling the union was based upon his firm observance of avoidance (empathy action for other unions in trouble) and vigilant cost-consc ious spending of union resources. With Tobin being in charge of a small yet powerful union, he anticipated the threat of repeating previous deeds which had made it susceptible in the past. With this in mind during 10907 and the early 1930’s the IBT avoided strikes, boycotts, and financial struggles assumed by other trade unions. Whereas, Tobin was extraordinary zealous guarding the treasury part of the union and the circumstances concerning strikes and lockouts were meticulously scrutinized before any benefits were paid out by the IBT to the local unions. With numerous rules and constitutional requirements being required before strike approval was approved by the IBT executive board. Tobin also sought to boost the finances; during his tenure of office as president; he fought for higher per capita taxes from the local teamster unions. Tobin would continuously boost with pride that being one of the larger labor organizations the Teamsters Union was insulated against economic loss due to a depression or bank failure. The biggest troubling factors in the first decade of Tobin’s administration was the dissension within the union, the behavior the members in the local teamster unions, the secession interchanges conducted by different groups, and the existence of adversary and contending unions, in various parts of the nation. Chicago and New York were the hubs for the difficulties experienced under this regime, as a whole the teamsters were considered rather obstinate workers that exhibited a rough and idiosyncratic attitude. In 1906 there was more dissention at the convention which led to the creation of the United Teamsters of America (UTA). Chicago, New York City, and St. Louis, IBT lost it drew about 10,000 men to the UTA, which weakened the IBT, furthermore increased the membership of locals which had been independent in the past. Tobin worked hard to bring the men back into the IBT and was triumphant in implementing an arrangement in 1908 where the majority of the locals that had departed choose to return. Chicago continued with immense dissention where a significant number of unions continued to be separate. By bringing back the locals from New York (formerly UTA) and the designation of one of their leaders as a vice president of the IBT led to the withdrawal of a second group of locals. Many of the second group that had left the IBT had essentially returned in 1911, yet before this while trying to work out an agreement in 1909 Tobin was brutal beaten in New York City. In the attack, Tobin’s glasses were shattered, his ribs broken, and a complex fracture of his nose, but the worst was yet to come while he was hospitalized he ended up with blood poisoning and he lingered on the threshold of death. The separate unions in Chicago continued to prosper and ultimately an impasse was accomplished, drivers working in general trucking functions had an inferred status quo contract without going beyond the jurisdictional claims of the associated and separate locals. This realistic arrangement stayed unchanged until the early 1930’s when some public officials applied force on the autonomous locals to join the IBT. These legislative officers were distressed by the magnitude of racketeering and mobster control in the teamsters unions in Chicago and believed unification would establish checks and balances on the powers of the local leaders. In Chicago the state of affairs progressively worsened, between 1928 and 1935, thugs from the Capone crew were in command of numerous locals of drivers. Some of the locals so dominated were affiliated with the IBT and others were independent and with these circumstances, violence was not uncommon. In 1932 Patrick Burrell of Chicago the vice president of the local union was shot to death in a struggle between organized labor and mobsters in a hail of bullets. The subsequent year Henry Burger, an international organizer operating in Chicago, was shot and seriously wounded, therein came the appointment of Daniel A. Gilbert as the chief investigator for the state’s attorney’s office in Cook County, Illinois, that law and order once again became the basis under which the locals operated. â€Å"Gilbert had strong support and encouragement from Thomas J. Courtney, the state’s attorney, and Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago, with pressure from the businesses and the public had become somnolent from the immoderation of unionism about teamster unity and end labor discord and racketeering. † (Zeller) By 1934, many of the independent locals had joined the IBT while Courtney continued to aid the teamsters in their governmental efforts. There were other aggressive outbreaks in Chicago where labor was involved and in 1951, IBT officials in Chicago were anxious that the Capone crew would return with warfare breaking out all over the city. There was a public appeal for police protection against coercion by mobsters to the mayor by the vice president of the IBT William A. Lee. There were two murders, three brutal assaults, and four bombings between 1950 and 1951 of teamster officials in Chicago; with this the IBT did not ever have full power over workers working as drivers. The National War Labor Board (NWLB) acknowledged that the CIO controlled and represented trucking firms in other cities such as New Orleans and Detroit. Currently, the IBT is confronted with several of pockets of separatism throughout the nation. Tobin was able to combine and construct his power as president of the teamsters and become firmly embedded in office after 1910 due to no other member in the union gained national standing until the rise of Dave Beck. Tobin diligently avoided infuriating local leaders and except when circumstances were extraordinary or pressures were strong he refrained from intervening in local matters. With the power to appoint trustees in the local unions and joint councils where he felt officials were corrupt; Tobin to exerted substantial influence in dealing with locals. Very few complaints were made about Tobin’s abuse of power when appointing trustees; he progressively proceeded to expand the presidential term in office by increasing the time period between conventions. The time between conventions went from two years in 1908 to three years in 1912, and ultimately to five years in 1915 which helped in reducing the spending of the international union. Tobin argued that frequent conventions were unnecessary, while pointing out that the stoneworkers union was a fine organization even though it had held only one convention in twenty-eight years. Tobin broadened his labor connections, with the affiliation of the Canadian Trades and Labor Congress in 1920; then in 1928 affiliation with the building trades department of the AFL; and in 1948 with the International Transport Workers Federation. Tobin was reelected unanimously each time he ran for the office of general president, yet without ever having complete control of the convention. When Tobin made requests and recommendations concerning monetary matters he was unequivocally turned down time and time again. It took until 1920 for the monthly per capita to be increased from 15 cents to 30 cents; then it was increased again in 1952 to 40 cents. Tobin’s main scheme, was to set up an international death benefit program under which the estate of each deceased member in good standing would receive a specified sum; this plan would increased the power of the IBT over the locals unions by giving the IBT control of a fund in which the individual members had an equity. In January 1929 a request made by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) for financial assistance, due to the garment workers being confronted by some serious organizational struggles. The IBT grudgingly wrote the ILGWU that the board did not have the power to grant loans of any kind for any purpose, not even to one of its own locals. As the Teamsters Union strengthened, Tobin’s reputation increased, he began to implement his authority as the representative of the AFL at the British Trades Union Congress, and as a delegate to the International Federation of Trade Unions in Amsterdam, Holland. Samuel Gompers gave great opposition to Tobin being elected treasurer of the AFL in 1917; he supported John B. Lennon, who had been the treasurer for the previous twenty-eight years. As a member of the executive council of the AFL, Tobin became one of its most imperative and vocal constituents while when John L. Lewis ran for AFL president, Tobin served as Gompers’ campaign manager. With numerous differences over the issues of policy within the executive council Tobin threatened to resign several times, yet he was convinced not to on every occasion. Although in 1928 with another dispute with the executive council concerning the endorsement of Alfred E. Smith as a candidate as the President of the United States, Tobin resigned as treasurer. Tobin recommended that the offices of secretary and of treasurer of the AFL be consolidated when he left his post, this was enacted in 1935, under Tobin’s leadership in becoming the ninth AFL president in 1934. The Federation increased the number of men in this office from eight to fifteen, while Tobin became a vice president of the building trades department of the AFL. Tobin progressed in the chain of command of the labor movement; his union was concurrently gaining power and size. The AFL was revived in 1933 due to the decision of the Teamsters Union to organize everything on wheels; this is when the IBT became the most powerful union in the country. Threats to stop deliveries to and from companies who refused accept terms of the teamsters allowed them to gain contracts in trucking and related industries. The IBT gave support to other unions engaged in picketing or bargaining negotiations which strengthened the position of these unions and fortified their objectives. Unions organizing workers who were working in small numbers in regular establishments, were they became dependent on the teamsters for assistance, with the division in the AFL in 1935, Tobin continued his opposition to the growth of industrial unions. He asserted that it was not possible to organize the steelworkers; Tobin was fighting for the separation of teamsters from other workers. Tobin became the dominant core of labor leaders which favored craft unionism and he unequivocally maintained that industrial unionism would cause more hardship to the teamsters than to any other trade union. With the split between the AFL and CIO being complete, Tobin was one of the first labor leaders who strongly advocated reunification; he vigorously championed a plea by President Roosevelt for unity in the labor movement despite the rather cool reception which the message received from the other union heads present. Tobin was among the opposition to amending the Wagner Act, to make its stipulations more acceptable to the AFL. Supporters of the AFL contended that a majority of the members of the NLRB were prejudiced in favor of the CIO; it was believed that changes in laws would be more favorable to employers. Tobin aggressively opposed the communists and had them outlawed from the IBT, with his serious dislike of Harry Bridges of the longshoremen’s union and his displeasure with John L. Lewis of the mine workers. The consequences with the fight for power within the Teamsters Union under the administration of Beck became apparent with the expulsion of the International Longshoremen’s Association from the AFL. At the beginning of 1956, the election race for the presidency of the teamster’s joint council in New York City took place; the national leaders of the union had to make their positions known. With internal dissension at an all time high the impression of complete harmony on the general executive board came under public scrutiny, disclosure of the level of bitterness and conflict within the union indicate that it is one of the most important of the past fifty years. While Tobin held the top post in the union most members were afraid to challenge his control, due to his effective leadership; and the decentralization of the local leaders, caused sovereignty within their own unions. The local unions did not particularly aspire to expand their authority, with the arrival of Beck and the conference technique of organization, the progression of centralization began. Tobin fought hard and unsuccessfully to prevent the progression of centralization, eventually Beck had his way and gained much power even before he took over the leadership. At the beginning of his administration as general president, Dave Beck foresaw a strong centralized union with power vested in his hands looking toward the elimination of racketeering and corruption. To this end, Beck intensified his endeavors to complete the creation of conferences, with the size of the union and the colossal burden which his office entailed, Beck attempted to stay clear of direct contact with organizational and bargaining work with regards to issues in policy formation and jurisdictional problems. It was under these conditions that Jimmy Hoffa, was able to emerge as a rival to Beck who did not see his rapid rise and independence as a threat. By the time Beck recognized the problems Hoffa brought to the organization it was too late for Beck to extricate him without shaking the foundation of the union and risking defeat in his own objectives. Over the years Beck and Hoffa have tangled on many concerns yet formed alliances in other instances, both men recognized and appreciated the strength of the other. Given Beck’s rise to the presidency, the struggle between them has solidified even further, Hoffa has said, â€Å"Although he takes orders from Beck, Beck does not raise questions as to how they are carried out. (Friedman and Schwarz) The modern record of the Teamsters Union may be implicit in the terms of the activities and goals of Beck and Hoffa, during the severe depression of the 1930’s; union activity was a perilous endeavor for those who had jobs. Hoffa, along with four other men who are currently still trusted affiliates of his staff, commenced to systematize the 175 workers in the warehouse as an ind ependent union, that went on strike just as a highly perishable load of strawberries arrived to be unloaded. In needing the workers to work, management had to realize the seriousness of the strike which led to some concession to pacify the workers. Within months a charter from the AFL was received making the independent Kroger group a federal labor union, Detroit was not a strong union center in 1932. There were few IBT locals in Detroit with roughly 500 members, Hoffa sought affiliation with the Teamsters Union and was given the charter of Local 674. Hoffa then proceeded to create an alliance with Local 299, which was then under trusteeship of the IBT, in debt, and without contracts this allowed his expansion program to begin. One of Hoffa’s first and most ambitious ventures as a delegate of the teamsters were to organize the truckers, drivers, and car hauler workers, commencing between 1933 and 1935 was met the vicious conflicts of the automobile manufacturers. The automobile manufactures established a division within the IBT and Hoffa became the negotiating chairman which contributed to his rise through the ranks. Hoffa was elected president of Local 299 which has 16,000 members and 800 contracts with employers, within three years Hoffa became chairman of the central states drivers’ council. When the Michigan Conference of Teamsters was organized Hoffa was elected president, which led to him being appointed by Tobin to fill a vacancy in the office of international trustee. Hoffa’s rise through the ranks continued when he was elected president of Joint Council 43 of Detroit, like Beck, Hoffa is unrelenting and avoided liquor and tobacco, yet, he used foul language when speaking. In his extensive traveling on union business Hoffa was not concerned with political ideas or labor idealism, he attempted to bring about instantaneous improvements in the wages, hours, and working conditions of the teamsters. Hoffa has a vast and accurate knowledge of trucking operations; he was very familiar with the economics and he drove a hard bargain while adhering strictly to the contract provisions he negotiates. Hoffa brought stability in working conditions to trucking with questionable associates and shady business activities and connections. Hoffa’s emergence from violent and ambiguous surroundings occurred with the development of maturity and the passage of time, this transformation reminds one of the evolutionary growths of other high leaders in the Teamsters Union. The vice president of the San Francisco IBT Michael â€Å"Bloody Mike† Casey, helped set up the general trucker’s local and earned his nickname in a violent and prolonged strike the in 1901. The nickname Casey had gotten became a term of affection, and when he died in 1937 he was a solid and respected citizen among leaders of the civic and industrial life of San Francisco. When Hoffa was elected to vice president of the IBT in 1952, Tobin said to the convention, â€Å"He is the biggest small man in Detroit. When you go to Detroit today you hear about Hoffa, but you do not hear a word about Henry Ford. As I said, he is a very big small man and he is one man we developed in our time. He is pretty nearly civilized now, but I knew him when he wasn’t. † (Dobbs) The newly organized IBL was unable to defeat the barred organization in two NLRB representation elections at the port of New York, despite the strong support of the AFL. Resulting in employers on the water front being forced to come to terms with the independent ILA, this meant that teamsters continued their close contact with members of the ILA while performing the work of moving waterfront freight. Moreover, some ILA leaders had friends among teamster officials both Hoffa and John J. O’Rourke (president of Local 282) had close ties with the ILA. Hoffa’s main objective was to develop the influence and membership of the teamsters by undertaking bold organizing activities in the southern states for this purpose and felt that the assistance of the ILA was both necessary and valuable in his project. Realistic considerations swayed Beck and slowly weakened his original resolution and adamancies with feelings of antipathy and distrust between Meany and Beck influencing the situation. Evidence of the discord between the two men came to the surface when Meany resisted Beck’s election to the executive council of the AFL, when he fought hard to frustrate the teamster machinations to absorb the expelled ILA, when he successfully maneuvered to overcome teamster resistance to merger of the AFL and CIO, and when he forced the IBT to accept limited representation in the industrial union department. At one point, Beck publicly announced that he would never be a candidate for the presidency of the AFL and on other occasions he stated that he stanchly supported Meany for the office. Ensuing to the rejection by the AFL of efforts by the IBT to absorb the ILA, Hoffa undertook to negotiate an agreement to put the ILA under the domination of the teamsters; he envisioned a possible merger of the two unions. Aside from the fact that the longshoremen’s union had 60,000 members who might be absorbed, there were mutual benefits to be derived from an agreement, teamsters and longshoremen work closely in port areas. With cargo freight being loaded and unloaded by longshoremen in trucks manned by teamsters, the IBT was strong in the Great Lakes ports, where the ILA is weak, while the ILA is in a position to help the IBT organize the South. With several preliminary discussions in 1955 the delegates to the ILA convention approved a working alliance with the teamsters, the last draft of the pact was left to a special subcommittee with the evident that upon its conclusion it would be subject to a membership referendum. As negotiations continued there seemed to be some loss of interest in the project on the part of longshoremen, the mutual assistance pact was between the independent longshoremen’s union and three conferences of the IBT (central states, eastern, and southern). This gave a joint organization of work by the two unions, the cost to be apportioned by agreement; uniform labor contract expiration dates; and continued independent status of the ILA, except if both unions mutually agreed to a change. In the beginning the president of the ILA William V. Bradley, expected Beck to give his approval to the alliance and that members of both unions would be asked to ratify it. However Beck kept his distance from that debate, he stated that the document did not need his endorsement since it involved the regional conferences and did not conflict with the international constitution. With the new pact being placed in effect and the subdivisions of the international union were free to make loans to the ILA. With the expansion of the industry the IBT has grown, with that the union does not ordinarily invade jurisdictions of other trade unions. They have gained membership from employees of warehouses, canneries, and food processing plants, the success of the Teamsters Union has given it so much occupational and industrial diversification that it took on the form of a general labor union. If the teamsters were to decide to move in the direction of converting their union into a general catchall organization, the labor movement in the United States may be headed into a new structural phase comparable to the emergence of industrial unions in the 1930’s as the equals of the craft unions. Although elected officials retain office for long periods on a national and local basis, there is insurmountable evidence of democracy operating within the union in the historical inability of the IBT leadership to dominate the convention completely. However, the membership continues to reelect officers who have brought about great improvements in conditions of employment and raised wages in the industry from a relatively low level to a high one. The union has succeeded in confidently establishing itself as a powerful organization, with vigorous actions and unruly behavior. Racketeering within the IBT was limited to locals and local leaders until 1957 and the national officers seemed eager to eliminate these instances. Viewpoints of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and its leading officials followed in the tradition of Samuel Gompers and the other founders of the American Federation of Labor. Economics were the focus of the union, while attempting to stay out of the political arena, with the improvement of wages, hours, and working conditions being of the biggest concern. Some of the IBT leaders and locals were more politically cognizant, for example Harold J. Gibbons (St. Louis Local 688) and Robert I. Wishart (Minneapolis Local 1145), these were exceptions. The union is constantly on the alert for ways of bettering the economic position of its members: operating on the principle that the end justifies the means and that in order to improve the economic status of teamster’s pressure devices of all sorts may be used and assistance accepted from all persons who can help. Hoffa has said: â€Å"What we want we try to get. What we have we keep. † (Dobbs) The implication in this thought process where as vigorous organizational tactics must be pursued, hot cargo clauses in contracts and aggressive picketing leads to a strong union. Rejections from the union insist on restraint from utilizing any outside sources, whether by courts or Congressional committees. Investigations are considered interference with the rights of leaders to conduct union affairs. The IBT has strength with truck drivers, comprising about a third of its membership, hold jobs with tactical importance that enables the union to exert vast pressure on almost all industries. The usual driver is young, tough, individualistic, and stable, where they usually rise through the ranks in the trucking industry and are well prepared for challenges from their drivers. Under such conditions, substantial contact between management and workers during stressful times between them was not surprising and did not cause undue anxiety. People within the industry were not shocked by these issues and the upper ranks of teamster leadership adopted a policy that was forcefully supported by Hoffa that men may continue to work on behalf of the union regardless of any charges or indictments against as long as they have not been convicted of a major crime in the courts. The stance on this issue is based on the concept that leaders who are useful to the IBT should not be abandoned until they have had their day in court and there has never been any doubt in the minds of the heads of the organization that a successful labor leader must be prepared to move from an office to a picket line or to jail in the interests of his union. It is an unwritten rule within the unions that dedication to union service should be thorough and that it is how one reaches the highest achievement, no efforts are spared. In recent years, the leaders of the IBT have recognized greatly that they must be prepared to speak to university students or public organizations, in addition to their own membership, when the occasion warrants. Yet modesty has not been a trait of leadership in the Teamsters Union, the heads of the organization have used their power to reach for more power. With a poor reputation and tough behavior of the Teamsters Union there were various misgivings amongst the general public and in the ranks of organized labor. Heads of other trade unions have been apprehensive that teamster methods will bring stricter governmental laws and regulation of labor but they have also feared the jurisdictional incursions of the IBT and the increasing power wielded by its officers. Labor leaders recognize that the men running the Teamsters Union, on the whole, have been working for the benefit of members of the organization although many question the personal ethics and conduct of teamster officials and feel that not much consideration is given to the needs and interests of the remainder of the labor movement. History is full with evidence of the dependence of many sectors of labor unionism on the success of the teamsters in organizing or striking an employer. Unions therefore must deal carefully with the IBT since their main purposes may become more difficult or even impossible to achieve by disassociating or expelling the Teamsters Union from any community of labor. Whether the IBT can eradicate undesirable practices in which it is engaged and the distasteful business dealings, by which it is marked will be determined with the progress of the Teamsters in the future. The problem is extremely difficult because the membership is dominated by exhaustion and fear with its officers and due to the combined strength of the leaders is greater than that of the rank and file. The union needs some guidance from responsible leaders of the AFL-CIO and from some of those of its own officials who are impeccable. To remove any questions of corruption and racketeering within the Teamsters nationwide will require firm, legislative pressures by the federal government that will force the abandonment of dishonesty and criminal activities. Bibliography Brill, S. The Teamsters. Simon and Schuster. 1978. Dobbs, F. Teamster Power. Pathfinder Press. 1973. Friedman, A. and Schwarz, T. Power and Greed: Inside the Teamsters Empire of Corruption. Danbury, CT: Franklin Watts. 1989. Jablonski, D. The ‘Culture of Corruption’ Will Be Just Fine, Thank You. AFL-CIO | American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations 2009. Retrieved from; http://www. aflcio. org/, on July 17, 2009 Teamsters Reaffirm Support of Anti-Corruption Effort. http://www. teamster. org/ Witwer. D. Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union. University of Illinois Press. 2008. Zeller, F. C. D. Devil’s Pact: Inside the World of the Teamsters Union. Carol Publishing Group. How to cite Corruption in the Teamsters Union, Papers

Database Management System Database Management System

Question- (1) E-R diagram:adherence to our standard, assumptions made, inclusion of correct primary ad foreign keys, approproate entities, reationships, and attributes.(2) Relational data structures: correct and meaningful translation of your E-R diagram.(3) Normalisation: appropriate interpretation of each normal form, arguments for leaving the schema in the normal from you consider optimal. Answer: (1)Entity Relationship Diagram (2) Relational Model The relations schemas and data types of the relations from the ERD are listed as,(A) CLIENT (ClientNumber, FirstName, LastName, Address, City, State, PostCode, ContactName, ABN, TFN, Structure_StructureCode) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type ClientNumber INT FirstName VARCHAR(45) LastName VARCHAR(45) Address VARCHAR(45) City VARCHAR(45) State VARCHAR(45) PostCode VARCHAR(4) ContactName VARCHAR(45) ABN VARCHAR(11) TFN VARCHAR(9) Structure_StructureCode INT B. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, HourlyRate, AuditAdvisor, EmployeeType_EmployeeTypeCode ) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type EmployeeNumber INT Name VARCHAR(45) HourlyRate INT AuditAdvisor INT EmployeeType INT C. SECTOR (SectorCode, Name) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type SectorCode INT Name VARCHAR(45) D.SERVICE (ServiceCode, Name) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type ServiceCode INT Name VARCHAR(45) E. SECTOR_HAS_CLIENT (Sector_SectorCode, Client_ClientNumber ) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type Sector_SectorCode INT Client_ClientNumber INT F. SERVICE_HAS_CLIENT (Service_ServiceCode, Client_ClientNumber ) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type Service_ServiceCode INT Client_ClientNumber INT G. STRUCTURE (StructureCode, Description) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type StructureCode INT Description VARCHAR(45) H. EMPLOYEE_TYPE (EmployeeTypeCode, Description) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type EmployeeTypeCode INT Description VARCHAR(45) I. QUALIFICATION (QualificationCode, Description) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type QualificationCode INT Description VARCHAR(45) J. EXPERTISE (ExpertiseCode, Description) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type ExpertiseCode INT Description VARCHAR(45) K. EMPLOYEE_ HAS_EXPERTISE (Employee_EmployeeNumber, Expertise_ExpertiseCode ) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type Employee_EmployeeNumber INT Expertise_ExpertiseCode INT L. EMPLOYEE_ HAS_QUALIFICATION(Qualification_QualificationCode, Employee_EmployeeNumber) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type Qualification_QualificationCode INT Employee_EmployeeNumber INT M. TYPE_SERVICE (TypeServiceCode, TypeServiceName, Service_ServiceCode) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type TypeServiceCode INT TypeServiceName VARCHAR(45) Service_ServiceCode INT M. BILL (Date, ChargeService, TotalAmount, Type_Service_Type_Service_Code, Type_Service_Service_ServiceCode, Employee_EmployeeNumber, Client_ClientNumber) WAMP server data types are, Attribute Data Type Date DATETIME ChargeService VARCHAR(45) TotalAmount VARCHAR(45) Type_Service_Type_Service_Code INT Type_Service_Service_ServiceCode INT Employee_EmployeeNumber INT Client_ClientNumber INT (3)Normalization A. The dependency diagram for CLIENT relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is transitive dependency on primary key through non-key attribute PostCode. So, the relation is not in 3NF. B.The dependency diagram for EMPLOYEE relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. So, the relation is in 3NF. C. The dependency diagram for SECTOR relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3 There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF. D. The dependency diagram for SERVICE relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF.There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF E. The relation SECTOR_HAS_CLIENT is trivially in 3NF. There is no multivalued or composite attribute in the relation, so it is in 1NF. There are two attributes in the relation and both are part of primary key. So, there is only one composite primary key in the relation. So, it is trivially in 2NF and 3NF. F. The relation SERVICE_HAS_CLIENT is trivially in 3NF. There is no multivalued or composite attribute in the relation, so it is in 1NF. There are two attributes in the relation and both are part of primary key. So, there is only one composite primary key in the relation. So, it is trivially in 2NF and 3NF. G. The dependency diagram for STRUCTURE relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF. H. The dependency diagram for EMPLOYEE_TYPE relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF I. The dependency diagram for QUALIFICATION relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF J. The dependency diagram for EXPERTISE relation is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. Also, there is only one functional dependency in the relationship between one key and one non key attribute. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF. K. The relation EMPLOYEE_ HAS_EXPERTISE is trivially in 3NF. There is no multivalued or composite attribute in the relation, so it is in 1NF. There are two attributes in the relation and both are part of primary key. So, there is only one composite primary key in the relation. So, it is trivially in 2NF and 3NF. L. The relation EMPLOYEE_ HAS_QUALIFICATION is trivially in 3NF. There is no multivalued or composite attribute in the relation, so it is in 1NF. There are two attributes in the relation and both are part of primary key. So, there is only one composite primary key in the relation. So, it is trivially in 2NF and 3NF. M. The dependency diagram for TYPE_SERVICE is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There in partial dependency, as the primary key has only one attribute. So, the relation is in 2NF. 3. There is no transitive dependency. So, the relation is trivially in 3NF. N. The dependency diagram for BILL is, 1. All attributes of the relation has atomic values. There is primary key in the relation. So it is in 1NF. 2. There is partial dependency on prime attributes. So the relation is not in 2NF. References Harrington, J. L. (2002). Relational Database Design Clearly Explained. Morgan Kaufmann.

10 Signs You’re Secretly a Nerd

I don’t know how to program. I only know three digits of pi. I don’t play video games (what is League of Legends anyways?) and I’m at best mediocre at math. But I’m most definitely a nerd. Here are ten surefire signs of nerdom from an unconventional nerd: 1. You like books more than you like peopleHow can your friends expect you to hang out when you are in the middle of reading a Murakami novel? In all seriousness, though, books are probably your most sacred possessions. Lending a book to a friend is the ultimate sign of trust. You die a little on the inside when the book is returned with a crease on the cover. 2. You take great joy in questioning everythingWhat is beauty? What is life? If the universe is forever expanding, what is it expanding into? You could debate any of these topics for hours without getting even remotely bored. 3. Chemistry jokes are endlessly funny to you ...and you won’t apologize for making bad ones, because, let’s face it, all of the good ones Argon. 4. You’re very particular about the TV shows you watch...and you shamelessly impose your favorites upon others. You’ve never seen Orphan Black? Who are you? On a side note, reality TV is the worst. Except for maybe Survivor. Okay, Survivor’s definitely good. And maybe even The Bachelor. 5. You secretly love reading your World History textbookAnd watching those CrashCourse YouTube videos. There’s so much to learn! The Mongols, the French Revolution, King Henry VII shenanigans—the possibilities are endless. 6. The smell of bookstores is figuratively (not literally) heavenPaper + coffee = ten thousand yeses. You would live in Barnes and Nobles if it were possible. I mean, who can resist wonderful scents and endless shelves of books? 7. You always Google the lyrics to songsHow can anyone stand not knowing? Good lyrics are literally (yes, literally) music to your ears. You have to constantly remind others that you listen to indie music not because you’re a hipster, but because the lyrics are just much better those of pop music. 8. You find SAT vocab questions very entertainingYou even downloaded the SAT question of the day app so that you could indulge a little every day. You take great pride in knowing the difference between â€Å"invoke† and â€Å"evoke.† 9. Incorrect grammar usage irks you...especially when it’s of the â€Å"I†/†me† sort. Hearing â€Å"me and Tony went to the park yesterday† (or even worse, â€Å"a rabid dog bit Tony and I at the park†) is like nails on chalkboard. You usually suppress your corrections, but sometimes you just can’t resist. 10. You love unconventional games and logic puzzlesSettlers of Catan and Munchkin are your jam. The longer the instruction manual, the better. You still don’t understand why you’re always the one playing enthusiastically while the rest of your friends are falling asleep.

Domestic Violence Essays

Domestic Violence Essays Domestic Violence Paper Domestic Violence Paper Domestic violence is considered as one of the most serious issues the world has been fighting since ancient times. The worldwide estimate of the United Nations reports that approximately 20 to 50 percent women have been physically abused by a member of the family, most frequently by an intimate partner (Kimmel 1332). In the United States, domestic violence is also regarded as a significant problem of society that needs to be addressed. The results of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in 2001 reported nearly 700,000 incidents of intimate partner violence, wherein approximately 85 percent of the victims are female (Rennison). Meanwhile, there are 2. 3 to 10 million children who are exposed to domestic abuse annually, 70 percent of whom are maltreated as well (Rossman, Hughes, and Rosenberg; Fantuzzo and Mohr; qtd in Summers 8). Defining Domestic Violence One of the concerns of researchers when studying domestic violence is the variations in defining the term itself. For instance, the word â€Å"domestic† which implies â€Å"within the household† may be too broad of a term and may leave out violence that occurs apart from the incidents that take place within the immediate household, such as the abuse involving dating couples (Summers 14). However, Hester, Pearson, and Harwin attempted to provide a clear definition that can eliminate the differences in interpretations: â€Å"any violent or abusive behavior (whether physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, verbal, financial, etc. ) which is used by one person to control and dominate another with whom they have or have had a relationship† (qtd in Summers 14). With this definition, even those whom do not live in the same house but have a relationship in one way or another can be included, such as ex-spouses, unmarried partners, and same-sex partners (Summers 14). Domestic violence has substantial effects in the lives of individuals, young children, families, and communities (Domestic Violence Policy). Men and women as Victims of Domestic Violence Domestic violence does not rule out anyone from becoming a victim. Regardless of age, gender and social status, anyone can be victimized. Hence, although women have been reported as a primary victim of domestic violence, there are also cases of domestic violence where the victims are men (Summers 15). Many pregnant women suffer from domestic violence. An example of instances of abuse is when husbands do not provide the proper medication needed for their pregnancy. Other cases involve verbal abuse of pregnant women, and some may even involve forced sexual intercourse, resulting in premature labor, child abnormalities, or miscarriage. The absence of concern and care to the expecting wife may also lead to unsuccessful pregnancy. Domestic violence during pregnancy also includes continuous wife beating and infidelity (Mayo Clinic) The idea that men are also victims of domestic violence appears implausible or even impossible for many, due to the seemingly dominant and powerful nature of the former. In addition, women have been the predominant victim of domestic abuse across ages and cultures (Conner). Contrary to this public belief, men also experience domestic violence. Those who engage in a male to male relationship are also common victims of domestic violence. They experience abuse via forced sex, stalking and physically assault by their male cohabitant. Male victims usually do not file complains about domestic violence. This is because they are afraid to be criticized by people as most of them want to preserve their image of being strong, masculine and can never be defeated by anyone (Fee, Brown, Lazarus, and Theerman 1908). Violence among the elderly is also another case of domestic violence. Majority of cases of abuse of elders in the U. S. were perpetrated by their spouses or partners (Harris qtd in National Center on Elder Abuse [NCEA] 1). In a study conducted by Wilke and Linton, they discovered that women who are older are more likely to be abused for a prolonged period of time than the younger ones (qtd in NCEA 1). They are also more inclined to stay in a violent relationship and develop physical health and psychological problems (Wilke and Linton qtd in NCEA 1). Child abuse, on the other hand, involves physical abuse for most cases. Many of the unwanted children are caused by unwanted pregnancies. The frustrations and disappointments of the parents are later on passed to the innocent child. Children also become victims of sexual abuse by their fathers who also batter their wives (â€Å"Domestic Violence Assessment Policy†). Underlying Causes and Effects of Domestic Violence Preventing domestic violence also includes understanding its causes and what are the components of a healthy and nonviolent family. It is really hard to determine the underlying causes of domestic violence since no research has affirmed a single cause that has been the consistent reason for all cases of domestic violence. There are many theories that attempt to explain the cause of domestic abuse which differ and sometimes overlap each other. Although there are differences, the commonalities from each theory serve as a good basis to counter the issue on domestic violence (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Biological Theory This theory asserts that violent behaviors of individuals are based on biological and organic factors. It can easily identified using biochemistry and genetics study which traces brain development and changes that are brought about by traumatic experiences. One example of this is when a child accumulates head injury during childhood. This can affect how the brain functions and as he grows up, may influence his or her problem-solving skills and result in impulsive behavior, which later on leads to more violent behavior (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Individual Psychopathology Theory Individual psychopathology is also known as dysfunctional personality structure of a person. This is caused by biological factors experienced during childhood. It happens when an individual witnesses domestic violence which causes him or her to experience difficulties in trusting the people around him. The traumatic experience may also affect the way he or she deals with other people and prevent him or her to develop healthy relationships. This causes anxiety, depression, insecurity and some criminal indicators like being antisocial (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Couple and Family Interactions Theory Family relationship plays a great role in shaping the behavior of a person. Thus, this theory is traced from the family system. Domestic violence can also be caused by faulty interactions among family members (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Social Learning and Development Theory Violence is used by some people as a method of discipline. Hence, this theory suggests that behaviors are formed based on observations from other people. When children witnesses adults who are fighting and hurting each other, they may think and believe that it is acceptable to hurt others because it solves the conflict and misunderstanding. Thus, when they grow up, they may use violence to deal with conflict (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Social Structure Theory The stereotypical notion of male dominance makes domestic violence more available. This theory views societys way of treating men and women. Male domination causes abuse over women and children on the aspects of physical, economical and political control (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Effects of Domestic Violence on Victims Domestic violence really causes traumatic effects on the victims. But aside from the trauma, there are health injuries and physical injuries made by the abuser on their victims. There are instances that medical attention is needed to cure those injuries made through physical attacks. Effects of domestic violence in the form of physical attack result in bruises and minor scratches. Worse physical effects are fractured bones and diseases from sexual contacts (Bragg 26). Emotional traumas are also at hand because of domestic violence. It causes anxiety, depression, substance abuse, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder. The victims may also commit suicide and develop mental illnesses. A child who is exposed to domestic violence is more likely to experience psychiatric disorders. Going to school will also be difficult as well as dealing with other people (American Psychiatric Association [APA]). The harmful effects of domestic violence are also reflected in the ability of the parents to raise their children. It affects the parents behavior negatively by experiencing stress and depression. The parent-child relationship often ends up broken. Victims of domestic violence wanted to avoid repeating history which explains why they are trying their best to become the greatest parents. However, such effort to provide the right support, nurturance and guidance to their children is not easy since they did not experience care and affection from their parents who previous abused them. There are also situations wherein parents do not know how to give emotional and physical support to their children because of emotional exhaustion and depression (Bragg 27). There are also studies showing that most victims of domestic violence maltreat their children in the future. Some parents use physical force as form of punishment and disciplinary measures. In return it affects the children behavior because it causes a child to rebel against the parents who hurt them (Bragg 27). Conclusion Domestic violence is one great problem among families in the society. It destroys relationship and hinders personal growth of family members. It is an act that if not prevented immediately can lead to criminal cases. Awareness and safety will aid everyone about domestic violence. The aforementioned causes of domestic violence can be use as signs to predict the occurrence of domestic violence. When a person experiences being domestically abused, there are ways to get out of the regretful experience. Victims can seek for help from other family members and friends. At the same time, there are organizations and 24-hour hotlines that will rescue them from their abusers. Family is where the heart is and there is no better way to settle things than having honest communication constantly. This will avoid domestic violence and at the same time develop good and harmonious family relationship. American Psychiatric Association. â€Å"Let’s Talk Facts About Domestic Violence. † HealthyMinds. org. 18 April 2008 healthyminds. org/multimedia/domesticviolence. pdf Bragg, H. Lien. â€Å"Child Protection in Families Experiencing Domestic Violence. † U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2003. 18 April 2008 childwelfare. gov/pubs/usermanuals/domesticviolence/domesticviolence. pdf Conner, Michael G.. â€Å"About Domestic Violence Against Men. † Oregon Counseling. 20 May 2007. 18 April 2008. oregoncounseling. org/Handouts/DomesticViolenceMen. htm Domestic Violence. Medline Plus (2006). 18 April 200 nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence. html. â€Å"Domestic Violence is a Serious, Widespread Social Problem in America: The Facts. † Family Violence Prevention Fund. 2008. 18 April 2008 http://endabuse. org/resources/facts/. â€Å"Domestic Violence Assessment Policy. † Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (2008). Fee, Elizabeth, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, and Paul Theerman. â€Å"Domestic Violence-Medieval and Modern. † American Journal of Public Health, 92 (2002):1908. PubMed Central 16 April 2008 Accession number PMC1447351 Kimmel, Michael S. â€Å"Gender symmetry in Domestic Violence: a Substantive and Methodological Research Review. † Violence Against Women, Special Issue: Women’s Use of Violence in Intimate, Relationships, Part 1. 8 (2001): 1332–1363. Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Domestic violence toward women: Recognize the patterns and seek help. † MayoClinic. com. 18 April 2008 mayoclinic. com/print/domestic-violence/WO00044/METHOD=print National Center on Elder Abuse. â€Å"Domestic Violence: Older Women Can Be Victims Too. † National Center on Elder Abuse Fact Sheet. 2005. 18 April 2008 ncea. aoa. gov/NCEAroot/Main_Site/pdf/publication/OLDERWOMEN2-COLUMNFINAL10-11-05. pdf â€Å"National Coalition Against Domestic Violence†. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 2005. 16 April 2008 ncadv. org/. Summers, Alicia. Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 2006. Safe Start Center. 18 April 2008 safestartcenter. org/pdf/childrensexpostoviolence. pdf Wolfe, David A. and Peter G.. Jaffe. â€Å"Emerging Strategies in the Prevention of Domestic Violence. † Domestic Violence and Children, 9 (1999): 133-144. 18 April 2008 futureofchildren. org/usr_doc/vol9no3Art10. pdf

Psychosocial Impact of Coronary Heart Disease Essay

Psychosocial Impact of Coronary Heart Disease - Essay Example This is known as ischemia, and if the ischemia crosses the threshold level for maintenance of vitality of cardiac musculature would lead to death of cardiac muscles, known as myocardial infarction (Hemingway and Marmot, 1999). The whole spectrum of this disease process if known as CHD, and there are many known predisposing, precipitating, and promoting factors for this disease. The implication of all the variants of CHD and their outcomes are well known, but it is very interesting to note that that disease happens in particular personalities (Asbury, Creed, and Collins, 2004). The metabolic pathways of cholesterol or lipids are well known, and this is established that dyslipidemia is the basic pathology that predisposes to the CHD. There is a large body of literature on the personalities of these subjects and the psychosocial factors closely associated with this disease. These conditions make the people more prone to coronary artery disease. Researchers have found that people who are aggressively involved in a perennial, chronic struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time are more prone to develop CHD (Sullivan et al., 2001). Psychosocial Factors: Stress has been related to diabetes, hypertension that are frequent accompaniment of CHD, and stress is an independent risk factor for CHD. Stress is a feeling of being out of control and being under unpleasant, seemingly unending pressure. Many situations cause stress and may be related to illness, bereavement, work problems, career issues, family relationships, personal relationships, financial affairs, and most aspects of daily life. Depression is usually part of stress that affects patients of all ages (Burg et al. for the ENRICHD Investigators, 2005). Unlike blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, blood sugar, or the number of cigarettes a person smokes, stress cannot be measured. Only the person affected knows how severe the stress is. It is subjective. Stress is dangerous for health and emotional well-being and bad for the heart. Certain forms of stress increase the chances of developing angina. Severe stress can trigger heart attacks. Researchers have long debated the role of stress in promoting heart disease, but there's a growing body of evidence that it is a risk factor (Denollet and Brutsaert, 2001). Exactly how stress harms the heart is not fully understood, but researchers do know that constant high levels of stress prompt hormonal changes that can send blood pressure and insulin levels soaring, and likely promote inflammation and other body changes that, over time, increase cardiovascular risk. Stress may also lead to depression, one of several psychological factors linked to an increased risk of a heart attack (Januzzi, Jr. et al., 2000). Background: Many patients with CHD do not have any associated risk factors that are well known. Several studies published in the last few years have identified depression as an independent factor that increases the risk of a heart attack. Precisely how depression affects heart function is unknown, but diagnosing and treating depression is now considered an important aspect of reducing cardiovascular risk (Lett et al., 2005). This is one of the important psychosocial factors recognized. Although an impressive body